International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essays

International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essays International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essay International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essay International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography BY MBRO International Responsibility and Liability 1. Responsibility of States 2. Responsibility of International Organizations 3. International Liability 1. 1 General Works In addition to chapters on responsibility of principal textbooks on international law, the following works specialized in responsibility are useful. D. Anzilotti, La responsabilit? © internationale des Etats ? ¤ raison des dommages soufferts par des ? ©trangers, RGDIP, t. 13 (1906), pp. 5-29. R. Ago, Le d? ©lit internationale, RCADI, t. 8 1939-11), pp. 41 5-554. l. Brownlie, System of the Law of Nations, State Responsibility, Part 1 (Clarendon Press, 1983). SFDI colloque du mans: La responsabilit? © dans le syst? ©me international (Pedone, 1991). R. Provost ed. , State Responsibility in International Law (Ashgate, 2002). II-JE Colloque international de Florence 7 et8 decembre 2001 : Obligations multilat? ©rales, droit imp? ©ratif et reponsab ilit? © internationale des Etats (Pedone, 2003). James Crawford, Alain Pellet, and Simon Olleson eds. , The Law of International Responsibility (OUP, 2010). 1. Travaux r? ©paratoires 1. 2. 1 League of Nations Official Documents The Report of Subcommittee: League of Nations Publ. C. 46. M. 23. 1926. V Conclusions of the Report of the Subcommittee of the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law (Guerrero Report)(1926): C. 196. M. 70. 1927. V Bases of Discussion Drawn up by the Preparatory Committee of the Hague Codification Conference (1929): C. 75. M. 69. 1929. V Texts Adopted in the First Reading by the Third Committee of the Codification Conference: C. 351(c). M. 145(c). 1930. V Privately edited travaux pr? ©paratoires S. Rosenne ed. , League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law (1925-1928), Vol. l (Minutes), Vol. 2 (Documents) (Oceana, 1972). including documents prepared by the Preparatory Committee, such as the Bases of Discussion. S. Rosenne ed. , League of Nations Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930), Vols. 3-4 (Oceana, 1975). including official records of the conference 1. 2. 2 United Nations Analytical Guide to the Work of the International Law Commission: http:// ntreaty. n. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm 9. 6 State Responsibility Introductions, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press, 2002 1. 2. 3. Others Institut de Droit International, International Responsibility of States for Injuries on Their Territory to the Person or Property of Foreigners, Annuaire de Ilnstitut (Session de Lausanne), 1927. Institut de Droit International, Obligations and Rights Erga Omnes in Intern ational Law, Annuaire de Ilnstitut (Session de Krakow), 2005. Draft Rules prepared by the Kokusaiho-gakkwai (lAssociation de Droit International du Japon), in conjunction with the Japanese Branch of the International Law Association, with the view of contributing towards the Progressive Codification of International Law, as planned by the League of Nations Resolution, September 1924, Journal of International Law and Diplomacy, vol. 25, no. 6, 1926, pp. 599-648. Draft Convention and Comments on Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens Prepared by the Research in International Law of the Harvard Law School, Supplement to the American Journal of International Law, vol. 3, Special Number (1929). the so-called Harvard Draft, which includes various private draft conventions and reactions of States in its apppendix. Draft Convention Prepared by Professors Louis B. Sohn and R. R. Baxter (Harvard Law School)(1961): F. V. Garcia-Amador, Louis B. Sohn and R. R. Baxter ed. , Recent Codification of the Law of State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens (Oceana, 1974). Inter-American Conference, American Postulates Formulated by the I nter-American Juridical Committee (1961): Doc. OEA/Ser. Nl. 2, CU-61 1. 3 Jurisprudence Digest of the Decisions of International Tribunals relating to State Responsibility, Prepared by the Secretariat, A/CN. 4/169, YILC 1964-11. Supplement, Prepared by the Secretariat, to the Digest of the Decisions of International Tribunals relating to State Responsibility, A/CN. 4/208, YILC 1969-11. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Compilation of Decisions of International Courts, Tribunals and other Bodies, Report of the Secretary-General, A/62/62 and Add. a compilation of Judicial decisions referring to the ILC draft articles or its first reading text. 1. 4 Bibliography State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts (Part 1). Principal in the Reports of Mr. Ago. Document Prepared by the Secretariat, A/CN. 4/318/Add. 8, YILC H. H. R. van Hamel, La responsabilit? © internationale de lEtat: bibliographie s? ©lective pr? ©par? ©e par la bibliotheque du P alas de la Paix, La Haye (Centre d? ©tude et de recherche de lAcad? ©mie de droit international de La Haye, 1982). M. Spinedi, Bibliography on the Codification of State Responsibility by the United Nations, 1973-1985, M. Spinedi and B. Simma eds. , United Nations Codification of State Responsibility (Oceana, 1987), p. 395. J. Crawford, Select Bibliography, The International Law Commissions Articles on State Responsibility: Introductions, Text and Commentaries, (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 368. bibliography of works published basically after 1995. Bibliographie s? ©lective sur la responsabilit? © internationale des Etats pour manquement aux obligations multilat? ©rales Obligations multilat? ©rales, droit imp? ©ratif et reponsabilit? © internationale des Etats (Pedone, 2003), p. 241. bibliography of works dealing with the invocation of the responsibility of States arising from violations of obligations erga omnes. 2. 1 General Works Can International Organizations be Controlled? Accountability and Responsibility, ASIL Proceedings, 2003. M. Zwanenburg, Accountability of Peace Support Operations (NiJhoff, 2005). P. Klein, La responsabilit? © des organisations internationales (Bruylant, 1998). 2. 2 Travaux pr? ©paratoires 2. 2. 1 United Nations untreaty. un. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm Responsibility of international organizations 2. 2. 2 Private Codifications The Legal Consequences for Member States of the Non-fulfilment by International Organizations of their Obligations towards Third Parties, 66-11 Annuaire de Ilnstitut e Droit International (1996) Accountability of International Organizations, ILA Seventy-First Report: Berlin Conference (2004) 3. General Works K. Zemanek, Causes and Forms of International Liability, in Bin Cheng and E. D. Brown ed. Contemporary Problems of International Law: Essays in Honor of Georg Schwarzenberger on his Eightieth Birthday (Stevens Sons, 1988), pp. 319-333. J. Barboza, The Saga of Liability in the International Law Commission, Melanges offerts a Hubert Thierry: L evolution du droit international (Pedone, 1998), pp. 5-22. G. Lysen, State Responsibility a nd International Liability of States for Lawful Acts (Forfattaren och lustus Forlag, 1997) 3. Travaux pr? ©paratoires untreaty. un. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law Sub-divided into * International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law (prevention of trans boundary damage from hazardous activities) by international law (international liability in case of loss from trans boundary harm arising out of hazardous activities)

Price and promoting Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Price and promoting Starbucks - Essay Example e growth in a market with price fluctuations; and upholds Starbucks commitment to purchase high-quality product in a socially responsible manner† (9). Starbucks likewise implements differentiated pricing strategies depending on diverse target markets. Smith disclosed that Starbucks pricing strategy at the lower end of the market as the â€Å"mark-to-market pricing strategy. Basic coffee at Starbucks may be somewhat more expensive than the watered down swill they call coffee at a low end diner, but it is priced competitively within its peer category† (Smith par. 5). On the other hand, at the higher end of the target market, Starbucks implements that â€Å"differentiated-value pricing strategy. In this category, the competition is weaker and Starbucks does have stronger pricing power. They can price in proportion to the value customers place on having a high quality and highly customized product† (Smith par. 7). promotion (Tewell, Odom and Snider 18). The Starbucks Back to Basics article written by NewMyer, et al. has emphasized the organization as implementing a pull promotional strategy; meaning, they promote directly to the customers (NewMyer, Fox and Kelsay 3). Carmichael emphasized that since bulk of their customers return to get the next cup of coffee or purchase some food items at Starbucks, â€Å"company executives feel that improving the in-store customer experience is a much more effective means of advertising than via Starbucks commercials. Starbucks encourages the promotion of their stores as a ‘third home’, providing comfortable chairs for customers to relax and spend time in, playing music and providing outlets for people to plug their laptops into† (Carmichael par. 4). However, Starbucks has also acknowledged that using social media as a means to promote various products and activities. As reported by Noff, â€Å"overall Starbucks’s social media strategy integrates many different elements into the mix and combined together, these elements

Philosophy. Viktor Frankls Mans Search for Meaning, Platos Theory of Essay

Philosophy. Viktor Frankls Mans Search for Meaning, Platos Theory of Forms - Essay Example Yes, we sometimes understand an emotional resposne to something, but this does not mean that we excuse it: we rely on logic to examine whether or not it is true, even if we know that there is an emotion behind it. With this in mind, one can evaluate Viktor Frankl’s most famous quote: â€Å"there are two races of men in this world, but only these two – the â€Å"race† of descent men, and the â€Å"race† of indecent men. Both are found everywhere, they penetrate into all groups of society. No group consists entirely of decent or indecent people,† (Frankl 43). This quotation comes from Viktor Frankl’s seminal book ‘Man’s Search for Meaning’ was written in 1946 and draws on his experiences in four different concentration camps but particularly during his time in Auschwitz, that great factory of mass murder where over 1.5 million Jews and other political prisoners were exterminated. Frankl had to suffer several of his familyâ⠂¬â„¢s deaths including his pregnant wife while he had to continue labouring and blocking out the suffering from his mind. Frankl’s encounters with the terrible and almost unreal experiences in the concentration camps truly prove to be harrwoing reading. ... Frankl is also concerned with the effects of all this mass murder on the Germans themselves who also end up severely traumatized by their experiences. Indeed he has words of comfort for those who have to go through their own personal suffering to achieve some sort of understanding and catharsis, yet he is obviously much more sympathetic with what the camp inmates are going through. The experiences of those who are left in the starvation block are particularly harrwoing and disturbing as Frankl has to examine some of them who are very near death. Here one begins to understand the horror and torture that these person were going through with absolutely no chance of survival. Yet even with all of this emotional baggage that forms a part of this argument, that there are only two races of men, it falls on a philosopher to analyze if this is true. This contains within it some premises that may or may not be true: we will evaluate each of the individually. Because this is a short passage, so me of these premises will only be implied instead of explicit, but I will argue where apropriate how they are implied. An examination of the underlying premises show that his original statement is in fact not true, logically speaking. One of the first premises of this statement, especially when viewed in the context of the book itself, is that one can significantly separate someone’s role in support of a system from their moral responsibility for that system’s actions. One of his fundamental points when making this statement is that there were some descent people among the gaurds at the prison camp where Frankl stayed. He even said as much in his book. This is an objection to the idea that there can be descent people among any group – no gaurd at a

Parameters For Noise Pollution Measurement

Parameters For Noise Pollution Measurement Noise is defined as the sound which is unwanted or undesired for a particular community in a particular place. Sound is the form of energy which gives the sensation of hearing. It is produced by longitudinal mechanical waves in the matter and is transmitted by the oscillations of atoms and molecules of matter. Noise is basically a form of unwanted sound with a specific pitch, intensity, frequency, amplitude and other characteristics. The description of noise as an unwanted sound indicates that it has an unpleasant effect on human beings and their environment including land structure and domestic animals, also affecting wildlife and ecological cycles. Units of measurement: The unwanted sound or noise can be physically determined as a quantity with the unit called decibel (dB). Decibel is audio loudness measurement. It is the logarithmic unit that describes the ratio between sound intensity values or sound pressure values. 0dB is nominally the threshold of hearing and 85-90dB is nominally the threshold of pain while levels near 120dB may disturb normal body functioning. Noise and our hearing: The auditory function of the ear consists is the conduction of sound through the external and middle ears or cranial bones and their reception by the spiral organ of corti, the receptor of the auditory analyzer. The external and middle ear make up the sound conducting apparatus, while the internal ear, specially the organ of corti, makes up the sound perceiving apparatus. The auricle in man plays a role in collecting sound and determining their direction. Sound waves striking the tympanic membrane set it into vibrations. The drum being connected to the handle of malleus, these vibrations are transmitted to the ossicular window of the labyrinth, rocks in and out of the oval window according to the phase of sound vibration. The vibration of the foot plate of the stapes in the oval window sets up vibrations in the perilymph. These vibrations are transmitted to the basilar membrane, and the organ of corti which it supports. The vibration of the basilar membrane causes the hair cells of the spiral organ of corti to get in touch with the overhanging tectorial membrane. At the same time, the mechanical energy of excitation, which is conveyed to most delicate receptors of the auditory nerve to be passed further to its nuclei into the medulla to the temporal brain lobes where nerve impulses are interpreted as sounds heard. Normal hearing depends on the normal condition of the apparatus for sound perception and conduction. Human being can hear external sounds with a frequency of 16-20,000 cycles per second. When sound vibrations enter into the cochlea; the tiny hairs in the cochlea to move back and forth. If vibrations with a great intensity blast into the cochlea, these hairs, especially the stereocilia, can be flattened and damaged. NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution is the pollution caused when the unwanted sound is dumped into the environment without taking concern of its adversaries it may have. It causes health hazards (auditory + non-auditory effects) to the people and also affects the surrounding environment as well as wildlife. PARAMETERS FOR NOISE POLLUTION MEASUREMENT: For noise emission measurement, change in several sound characteristics is determined for detecting and recording the accurate values in dB. Some of these measuring parameters are: Sound Power: It is defined as the energy of sound per unit time and is given by: W= E/t (j/s or Watts) Whereas, sound power level can be described as: Lw= 10 log (W/W0) Where: W= measured power from the sound source W0= reference power level (10-12 Watts) Sound Intensity: It is defined as the amount of energy per unit area in unit time that is perpendicular to the direction of travelling sound waves. It is also defined as the sound power transmitted per unit area and is given by: I = W/A (W/m2) The dynamic range of sound intensity for human hearing ranges from 10-12W/m2 to 10-100 W/m2. The highest sound intensity possible to hear is 10,000,000,000,000 times as loud as the quietest. The usage of intensity for describing human ear response over a linear scale is very difficult as it gives such large values. Therefore, a logarithmic scale is used instead of linear scale in which the intensity level is given by 10 times the logarithmic ratio of the actual intensity to the reference intensity value. The threshold of audible sound is 10-16 W/cm2; which is considered as 0 dB. Sound intensity level is given by: Lt= 10 log (I/I0) Where: I= intensity value measured (W/m2) I0= reference intensity (10-16W/m2) Sound Pressure: Sound pressure is defined as the force of sound per unit area perpendicular to the direction of sound waves. It is given by: P= F/A (N/m2 or Pa) The range of human hearing is 0.00002-20 Pa. the sound pressure level is given by: SPL= 20 log (P/P0) Where: P= measured sound pressure (Pa) P0= reference power level (2ÃÆ'-10-5 Pa) SOUND PRESSURE ( Pa) INTENSITY (W/m2) INTENSITY LEVEL (dB) 2ÃÆ'-10-5 10-12 0 2ÃÆ'-10-4 10-10 20 2ÃÆ'-10-1 10-4 80 2(2ÃÆ'-100) 10-2 100 20(2ÃÆ'-101) 10(100) 120 200(2ÃÆ'-102) 100(102) 140 Table 1.1- Showing relationship between sound pressure and intensity level CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE POLLUTION Depending on the source of generation, the pollution due to several types of noises can be divided into following types: COMMUNITY NOISE POLLUTION: Community noise pollution is mainly spreading in the environment due to various community noises. These community noises can be further sub-divided into: Road traffic noise: With rapid increase in number of road vehicles, traffic noise is increasing day by day. The noise is spreading mainly due to traffic speed as the volume of the noise enhances with the traffic speed, and as modern high ways and traffic systems encourage speed, the noise pollution phenomenon is raising rapidly. There is maximum noise pollution during morning and evening hours in urban areas. Heavy engine-trucks are the noisiest vehicles on road having at least 80-85dB level of noise. Domestic noise: This type includes all types of noises that are common in residential areas i.e. the noise of music players, television, burglar alarms, dog barking, residential construction noise etc. depending on its intensity and volume, residential or domestic noise can be source of annoyance to anyone. The noise level in residential areas ranges from 35-45dB and does not cause serious auditory disorders. Aircraft noise: The noise which is spreading in the environment mainly due to aviation activities i.e. phases of a flight including take off, landing and flying on a path. These aerodynamic activities have an adverse effect on the people associated with the flight processes but also the people residing near airports. These noise levels are much higher in ultra-flight aircraft having a peak near 100dB which is extremely hazardous to the health. http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/images/Image5.gif Fig. 1.1- Aircraft noise pattern from a jet engine OCCUPATIONAL NOISE POLLUTION: Occupational noise pollution is the pollution which is present in the environment due to noises on work places, factories, and industries i.e. the noise of machines, tools, and other working equipment at work. Depending on the time of exposure, these noises have been divided into following three types: Continuous noise: It is defined as the noise whose maxima (highest levels) occur more often than once per second. It is produced by the machinery that operates without interruption e.g. pumps, compressors and processing equipments etc. Intermittent noise: The noise that is not continuous with time i.e., taking alternating periods of start and stop is called intermittent noise e.g. drill machines. NOISE SOURCE NOISE LEVEL(dB) Breathing 10 Conversation 20-30 House in a quiet street 35 Loud conversation 50-60 Office noise 60 Children playing 60 Lawn mower 60-80 Traffic noise 60-90 Sports car 85-90 Heavy truck 90-100 Electrically amplified music 120 Aircraft noise 90-120 Jet engine 140 Table 1.2-Sound sources and their intensities Impulse noise: It is the noise that gives rise to instantaneous sharp sound for a small time duration and then diminishes e.g. blasting. The sound pressure in this type may be from 40dB (minimum) to 200 plus dB (sufficient to destroy internal organs). http://coastaldrillingandblasting.com/images/home-photo-blast.jpg Fig 1.2- intermittent noise from blasting HAZARDOUS EFFECTS OF THE NOISE POLLUTION Health effects on human beings: Noise pollution is being considered as one of the leading environmental hazards nowadays. From a simple ceiling fan to a heavy traffic sight, the sound affects our lives somehow. But it is the relative loudness that is hazardous to the man and the other life forms. Noise pollution affects the human beings in two ways which are: 1) auditory effect: when it interferes with the functions of hearing mechanism. 2) Non-auditory effects: where it interacts with the health and bodily functions other than our hearing organs. Fig.1.3- a brief chart description of noise pollution hazards on human health Auditory effects: The first organ that gets affected by the noise is the ear. More than 50% of our working community complains of tinnitus (continuous ringing noise) in the ear. Continuous exposure may lead to deafness or permanent loss of hearing. It is because of the complete destruction of the organ of corti that transmits sound from ear to brain. The levels at which a person can get affected by the noise exposure are given below: Sensorineural hearing loss, neural hearing loss is due to damage to auditory nerves, sensory hearing loss is due to damage to inner ear or cochlea resulting from repeated loud noise exposure. High noise levels can result in excessive ear-wax secretion, a damaged ear-drum or fluid in the inner ear. More serious affects include permanent deafness, pain and ringing in the ears. Non-auditory effects: Non-auditory effects can be defined as all the effects on health and welfare due to the noise exposure apart from the effects on the hearing organs. they affect the social behaviour of the objects also altering the normal biological functioning of the body. When the noise pollution is considered to cause hazards other than hearing disorders, annoyance is the most basic level by which it affects peoples actions and communication, which leads to stress showing further symptoms and thus showing illness. On the other hand, noise may not always cause annoyance first and can directly affect health. The degree to which it may affect the health depends on the parameters including the intensity, pressure, volume, duration and the nature of the noise. Annoyance: It is the most prevalent and well documented subjective response to the noise, including fear and mild anger. Noise is also seen as interfering into personal privacy, while its meaning for any individual is important in determining whether the person will be annoyed by it. Annoyance reactions are associated with the degree of interference that any noise causes in everyday activities, which probably precedes and leads on to annoyance. In both traffic and aircraft noise studies, the noise levels have been found to be associated with annoyance in a dose-response relationship. on the whole, it seems that the speech communication activities are most disturbed by aircraft noise while traffic noise is most disturbing for sleep,if present at night. Noise pollution and sleep interference: Exposure to the noise for a long duration disturbs sleep resulting in raised anxiety levels. Habituation is likely to occur with the continual exposure of the noise. Objective sleep disturbance will develop if more than 50 noise events per night with a maximum level of 50 dB are at indoors or more. But, for the outdoor noise levels the value is quite low for sleep disturbance. Noise exposure during sleep may elevate blood pressure, heart rate, pulse amplitude and affect body movements. Following disturbed sleep, there may also be after-effects during the day; perceived sleep quality, short temper and daily performance levels are decreased due to sleep disturbed by road traffic noise. Effects on performance: It has been concluded from the laboratory studies, that noise exposure impairs routine performance. If a speech is played in front of a person who is learning a particular subject, it will cause performance impairment. Such impairment is independent of the meaning or subject of the speech but depends on the relative loudness. Noise exposure also slows down the rehearsal and the of selectivity processes in memory, and the choice of strategies for a particular tasks. It has also been observed that noise may reduce helping behaviour, increase violence and reduce the obedience of social cues. Physiological responses: The continuous exposure to noise causes numerous short-term physiological responses as transmitted through the nervous system. Exposure to noise causes physiological activation including elevated heart rate and blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction and increased peripheral vascular resistance. There is habituation to brief noise exposure but to the prolonged noise, habituation is less certain. Cardiovascular effects: Studies have suggested that individuals continually exposed to continuous noise of at least 85 dB have higher blood pressure than those not exposed to noise. Noise exposure is also an indicator of exposure to physical and psycho-social factors, associated with high blood pressure. Aircraft noise pollution is found related to heart trouble and hypertension, more cardiovascular drug use and higher blood pressure. The effects of noise have been shown on systolic blood pressure (but not diastolic pressure), total cholesterol, total triglycerides, blood viscosity, platelet count and, glucose level. However, it was found that the prevalence of hypertension was higher among people exposed to aircraft noise levels of at least 55 dB or maximum levels above 72 dB around. There is some evidence from community studies that environmental noise is related to hypertension and there is also evidence that environmental noise may be a minor risk factor for coronary heart disease. A sudden exposure to noise may stimulate catecholamine secretion and precipitate cardiac dysrhythmias. Psychiatric effects: It has been found that persistent exposure to noise causing annoyance may lead to psychological disorders. Early studies showed that regular exposure to high levels of noise to the factory workers and inhabitants of overpopulated areas complain about nausea, headache, anxiety, restless nights, and edgy tempers. But recent studies do not confirm this association between air-craft and road noise and psychiatric disorders; and the weak association was established between road-traffic noise and mental depressiveness. Hence, it is now believed that environmental noise may seem related with certain psychological symptoms, but does not result in serious psychological disorders. However, enhanced noise levels may increase the possibility of such disorders. Effects on cognitive behaviour in children: It is of the common knowledge that children belong to a group which is especially vulnerable and sensitive to environmental pollution and all of its types. Their cognitive structure is developing and they lack the well-developed strategies to coop-up. Studies have found the Effect of environmental noise activities on the cognitive structure. The research shows that noise pollution does not affect all cognitive structures uniformly; affecting mainly central processing and understanding of the language. Difficulties have been found in concentration and visual attention. The reports describe that noise exposed children show more difficulty in concentrating than those who are less exposed. The test performed on primary school children living in over-populated areas showed them having poor auditory distinction and speech perception; affecting their reading ability, as well as their school performance than those living in quiet areas. Effect of noise pollution on wildlife: Noise pollution can be harmful to the animals. High enough levels of the noise pollution may interfere with the natural cycles of the animals, which may change their migration paths to avoid the sound; moreover, masking which is the inability to perceive sound of ecological cues and animal signals. Exposure of Desert Kangaroo Rats to dune buggy sounds (95 db at 4 meters, on and off for 500 seconds) caused a major reduction on detection distance for its principal predator the Rattlesnake. When the distance for the normal sand kicking response to the snakes presence was reduced from 40 cm to 2 cm, and it took three weeks for the rat to recover. Plenty of evidences exist to prove that serious damage is occurring to the wild animals. Long-term effects from medium to low level noise intrusion need much more study, with emphasis on threatened and endangered species. NOISE POLLUTION COUNTROL All the sources of noise including road traffic, heavy vehicles, airplanes, factory machines etc. contribute towards noise pollution in one way or another. Some of these sources may have tolerable noise levels but when combined together, these can cause serious risks. According to World Health Organization, noise pollution control is easiest among all kinds of pollution the world is facing today Several steps are needed to be implemented so as to improve environmental conditions and to attain healthy noise free environment. Some of these steps are following Public awareness measures are required to make people understand about noise pollution and to guide them about permissible noise levels by using print media and electronic media properly. Noise exposure may be reduced on personal level by usage of protective ear plugs and also steps are required to reduce of exposure time to noise. Engineering techniques such as altering and modifying the designs to reduce noise, construction of sound barriers and sound absorbers might be helpful. Academic institutions and hospitals can be shifted away from the noisy roads, railway stations and airports. Similarly, the heavy industries and factories ought to be formed away from residential areas. The usage of pressure horns and record players among all means of transportation must be banned by the government in order to reduce the noise intensity. Monitoring of sound levels should be carried out by the traffic police. Legal action should be taken against violators by the government. Law formation and implementation is required to lessen the hearing problems among factory workers. Vegetation programmes along the roads should be initiated as plants absorb and dissipate high energy sound waves.

Deductive and Inductive Methods of Research Essay

In the quest for logical, supportable and verifiable scientific answers there are two basic methods of reasoning used to approach the subject matter to be studied. These are known as the deductive and the inductive approaches. The two approaches provide quite different lines of attack when attempting to prove or disprove social theories. The information that is gathered is used by social work researchers as supporting evidence to establish connections between theories and empirical data. Rafael Engel and Russell Schutt, The Practice of Research in Social Work, explain â€Å"Theories help us understand how social problems emerge; they guide us in the design of interventions to help individuals, groups or communities†(Rafael. Schutt. 2005. p. 39). In the case of deductive reasoning studies the research is begun from a theoretical basis, focused on a topic, and then narrowed to an; ‘If-Then’ hypotheses that can be tested. Research is conducted to gather data through observations, to confirm or disprove the hypotheses. Inductive reasoning is in a sense a reverse study, as it is through observations made that have initially picked up on certain trends, or established regularities that the hypotheses or theory is developed. In the field of Social work research it is not at all uncommon to utilize both methods of research, and Engel and Schutt refer to this as the â€Å"Research Circle† (2005. p. 45). Research often involves variables, and hypotheses often must stand up to multiple studies to arrive at a conclusive answer. The authors cite the Sherman and Berk’s, 1984, study of domestic violence â€Å"as an example of how the research circle works†(2005. p. 43). They said that first based on data regarding spousal abuse a hypothesis was developed regarding arrest rates. After data was researched that corresponded with the theory, the study was then followed up with inductive research based on the statistics of the data gathered. As noted often the researchers will go around the circle a number of time, as Sherman and Berk’s study did, adjusting variables and methods, to test a multitude of hypotheses. According to Engel and Schutt the â€Å"Inductive research process is more often the strategy used in qualitative methods† (2005. p. 38), and that deductive is â€Å"Most often used in quantitative methods† (2005. p. 38).

Definition of Nursing Essay

The definition of nursing as put forward by the American Nurses Association describes a framework that incorporates caring and health promotion. It is far reaching and intentionally inclusive to all fellow human beings. It has a goal to advocate and help decrease any element of suffering. Nursing is a professional body which strongly advocates the advancement of professional knowledge. Scholarly resources are used to anchor our credibly with research findings. The use of objective data develops processes to improve outcomes of care. Attentions are focused on human action and reactions to changes in health. The body of nursing  acts as influential body to impact social justice. The definition opens the scope of similarities and difference in approach where nurses can provide optimal care for their patients. The metaparadigm concepts: person, health, environment and nursing are platforms in which the protection, health promotion and goal to alleviate suffering can be developed. Dr Jean Watson, a nurse theorist is best now for her work on human caring. She asserts caring as central focus for nursing. Caring serves as pivot to the metaparadigm concepts. She found nurses who were not able to practice caring became harsh and brittle (as cited in Watson, 2009, p.467). As I work with my patients I now realize how my plans of care are based on theses metapadigm concepts. I frequently ask my coworkers what worked best for the patient and why. Then I incorporate that in my daily plan of care. References Watson, J. (2009). Caring science and human caring theory:transforming personal and professional practices of nursing and healthcare. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration,31(4), 466-483.

Analysis Of George Roosevelt s The West - 936 Words

tragedy. The two loves in his life are both dead on Valentine’s Day. Roosevelt choses to give of political life. So he was now working as a captain of the National Guard and other public service jobs. However Roosevelt only wants to do one thing he is driven to be an author. During this year Roosevelt releases many books including: The Naval War of 1812, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, The Winning of the west, and Thomas Hart Benton. Roosevelt marries his childhood sweetheart, Edith Kermit Carow, and continues his literary career at their home. A couple of years later in 1889 Roosevelt is back into politics. Roosevelt now has his first job back as a member on the U.S. Civil Service Commission, this is where he commanded a reform effort to exchange patronage with merit in the handing out government jobs. The year is 1895, Roosevelt now the New York City police commissioner. The work Roosevelt is showing a police commissioner in New York City impressed the government. Months lat er Roosevelt was eating dinner with his family in his New York home, when he hear someone knocking on the door at the door was a government official telling him about the job they wanted him to take. Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Roosevelt, is the brain and muscle in the war with Spain. This war is known as the Spanish American War this marks and important point in The United States of America history. This war ended Spain colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and gave The United States theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Capitalism And Soviet Communism1344 Words   |  6 Pages American capitalism and Soviet Communism were incompatible systems; Washington shouldn’t have been surprised to hear this in George Kennan’s long telegram. But the tensions were not always this high between the two word powers. In the end of world war two, â€Å"Stalin s empire was won with reservoirs of soviet blood†(cite 1). The thought to be never ending Soviet army was not limitless anymore. 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