Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 67

Workmanship - Essay Example The perspective of the visual workmanship contention is to draw out the even auxiliary equalization according to the fair hues utilized for painting. Along these lines, this theoretical arrangement piece is intended to bring out tasteful parity of nature according to the hues that have been utilized through visual sythesis. Shocking impact is a factor to the part of the aesthetic dynamic structure. This is because of the idea that, the hues and lines utilized draw out an electrifying vibe of any space that is a factor of nature. My visual contention depends on the hues that have been utilized, the lines and examples utilized for drawing out the parity as saw of nature. This depends on the hues that have been utilized by the craftsman for this theoretical piece. I utilized example, line, repeating examples and nearness as my compositional understanding of the theoretical because of the accentuation that they bring out on feel bid. The most enticing components incorporate parity acquired even from. This has been upgraded by the parity of utilization of hues. The equalization draws out the vibe of nature whereby, everything is adjusted and corresponding along these lines upgrading nature. The structure consolidated the utilization of line and shading to frame an example. The progressions that are apparent through the structure of dynamic are that, the hues have been controlled to suit tasteful intrigue. The compositional decisions are predominantly founded on shading, line and structure. This is a result of the example that has been brought out through the line and hues utilized. Influential components utilized remember closeness for terms of delicate quality of the artistic creation and authoritative structure. I accept that the example that has risen gives the theoretical artwork an alternate perspective on feel and bid in nature most individuals’ discernment is that, nature ought to consistently have explicit hues

The History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Innovations

The History of the Compass and Other Magnetic Innovations A compass is an instrument containing an unreservedly suspended attractive component that shows the course of the level segment of Earths attractive field at the purpose of perception. Its been utilized to assist individuals with exploring for a long time. Situated in a similar piece of the open creative mind as sextants and telescopes, its really been being used for significantly longer than the ocean journeys that found North America. The utilization of attraction in creations doesnt stop there, however; its found in everything from broadcast communications hardware and engines to the evolved way of life. Revelation Huge stores of attractive oxides were found in the locale of Magnesia in Asia Minor a large number of years back; their area prompted the mineral accepting theâ name of magnetite (Fe3O4), which was nicknamed lodestone. In 1600, William Gilbert distributed De Magnete, a paper on attraction that subtleties the utilization and properties of magnetite. Ferrites, or attractive oxides, are stones that draw in iron and different metals. These are characteristic magnets and are not innovations. Be that as it may, the machines that we make with magnets are creations. Attractive Compass The attractive compass is actuallyâ an old Chinese development, presumably first made in China during the Qin administration (221â€206 B.C.). In those days, the Chinese utilized lodestones (which adjust themselves in a north-south course) to develop fortune-telling sheets. Inevitably, somebody saw that the lodestones were better at bringing up genuine bearings, which prompted the making of the primary compasses. The most punctual compasses were structured on a square piece that had markings for the cardinal focuses and the star groupings. The pointing needle was a spoon-formed lodestone gadget with a handle that would consistently point south. Later on, polarized needles were utilized as heading pointers rather than the spoon-molded lodestones. These showed up in the eighth century A.D.- again in China-and somewhere in the range of 850 and 1050. Compasses as Navigational Aids In the eleventh century, compasses use as navigational gadgets on ships appeared to have gotten normal. The polarized needle compasses utilized in route could be wet (in water), dry (on a sharp shaft), or suspended (on silk string) and were utilized by explorers, for example, those dealers who made a trip to the Middle East, and were utilized by early guides to find the attractive North Pole or post star. Electromagnetism In 1819, Hans Christian Oerstedâ reported that when anâ electric currentâ in a wire was applied to a magneticâ compassâ needle, the magnet was influenced. This is calledâ electromagnetism. In 1825, British innovator William Sturgeon (1783â€1850) showed the intensity of the electromagnet by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce bit of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a solitary cell battery was sent. This gadget established the framework for enormous scaleâ electronic interchanges, as it prompted the innovation of the message. It likewise brought about the development of the electric motor.â Dairy animals Magnets U.S. patent #3,005,458 is theâ first patentâ issued for a dairy animals magnet. It was given to Louis Paul Longo, the designer of the Magnetrol Magnet, for the anticipation of equipment sickness in dairy animals. On the off chance that cows happen to expend scrap bits of metal, for example, nails, when theyre taking care of, the outside articles can make inside harm their stomach related tract. Dairy animals magnets keep the metal pieces kept to the bovines first stomach, as opposed to going to the later stomachs or digestion tracts, where the sections can cause the most harm.

Newly Admitted International Students I-20 FAQs

Newly Admitted International Students I-20 FAQs Congratulations on your admission to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign! You may be wondering about the next steps in your journey. Today, I am covering the Form I-20 by answering some frequently asked questions. What is an I-20 and who needs it? Admitted students who are not citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. seeking F-1 (Student) Visa status must obtain a UIUC Form I-20 (Certificate of Eligibility for Non-Immigrant F-1 Student Status) and apply for an F-1 Visa at a  U.S. Embassy or  Consulate before  traveling to the U.S. to begin their degree program. When do I start with the I-20 process? You will start as soon as you accept your admission offer. Remember that the deadline for accepting your offer is May 1.   Afterwards, you must complete and submit the online  I-20 application  to begin the process. What are the estimated expenses provided on the Form I-20? New F-1 students are required to show an estimate of acceptable funds to cover expenses for the length of one year of their program. For Fall 2018, the minimum estimated funds should be $62,800.   What is considered acceptable financial verification? Acceptable financial verification can be a bank letter or statement that is issued and signed by a bank official in English or, if not in English, accompanied by an official English translation. For more information on acceptable financial documents, click here. Who issues my I-20? A Designated School Official (DSO) within the Office of Undergraduate Admissions at UIUC will issue your I-20. When will you start issuing I-20s? We will begin issuing I-20s for freshmen and transfer students who are starting their studies in the fall on  March 1. What do the dates on my I-20 mean? Program Start Date: indicates the Wednesday prior to the “start of classes.” Program End Date: indicates the last day when you complete your program of study. What is a SEVIS I-90 fee? SEVIS is a U.S. government system that manages data and application processes for F-1 and J-1 nonimmigrants in the United States. If you are beginning a new program in the U.S., you are required to pay a  one-time fee  before you could obtain an F-1 visa. Each Form I-20 has a SEVIS ID number. All SEVIS ID numbers start with the letter  N, and  the number is located on the top right corner of the I-20. If you are interested in what an I-20 looks like, click here for a sample. That’s all for now! Keep an eye out for a post about international student orientation in the coming weeks. I look forward to answering your questions! Brian Assistant Director, Undergraduate Admissions I'm here to help high school students and their families navigate the college search process. An Illinois alumnus (LAS ’02), I had the honor to play football for the Orange and Blue.

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay - 1862 Words

â€Å"I have a dream that one day my four little children will live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but the content of the character,† (Martin Luther King Jr,1963) Martin Luther King Jr. was a smart child and had a good childhood. He learned values from his parents, and Martin Luther King Jr was a man of much wisdom during his time. He was a major contributor to the civil rights movement, and those contributions have profound effect even today. Michael Luther King was Martin Luther King Jr’s name when was born. His parents changed his name to Martin Luther King when he was just a young boy. They changed his name because it was his fathers way of claiming he was his son. He was born on March 15, 1929. He†¦show more content†¦and Coretta Scott got married. Daddy King (Martin Luther King Sr.) pronounced them a married couple. Although they had the lack of privacy, and long periods of separation, they managed to keep their marriage strong and healthy. Not to say that they didn’t fight like a normal couple, because they did. They fought, but it wasn’t about money, they fought about Martin’s decisions. They went through rough times as do most couples. Coretta Scott learned that MLK was helping his country, and she needed to accept the fact that thats what he was going to do. Later, she got more involved with the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King, Jr. learned many lessons from a lecture given by Mohandas Gahandi. He learned about non violent protests from Gahandi. Mohandas was born in India, and he moved to South Africa later. He was able to gain equal rights for South Africa’s Indians by protesting discrimination through general strikes and marches planned in a peaceful, nonviolent way,(Fleming 1-119).He was also involved in civil disobedience. Civil Disobedience is refusal to obey the law, because a person believes the law is immoral. Before the civil rights movement, civil disobedience was not acceptable, and Martin Luther King believed in the peace protest. Mohandas was jailed because of his beliefs. MLK was also influenced by Henry David Thoreau, and achieve social change. While learning more about the civil rights movement, and Gahandi, Martin became a pastor. The 1958 BusShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr.867 Words   |  4 Pagespeople, one of them is Martin Luther King Jr. He made the world a better place for black citizens by doing non-violence movements and marched the way to freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta Georgia as Michael King Jr., but changed his name to Martin Luther King Jr. in honor of Protestant Martin Luther. Through his activism, King played a pivotal role in ending the legal discrimination of African American citizens. During his childhood, Martin Jr.’s father stronglyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr1194 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Simmons 1 Gabrielle Simmons Mrs. Fitzgerald Social Studies 8A 4/27/10 Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr. is a well known and an inspiring man to all cultures of the world. King was and still is one of the most influential heroes. King s views and believes helped African Americans through the 50 s and 60 s to the rights and liberties that was their right. King faced many obstacles on his journey, things like jail and even assassination attempts. Despite these obstacles,Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1078 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr., was a very strong person, constantly fighting for what he believed in, which was equality for African Americans. He was not scared to stand up and tell the world what he wanted for society. He was fearless and did everything in his power to prove a point. Martin Luther King, Jr., was the strongest individual of his time, for he fought until death, which proves how much he was willing to risk his life to make the world an equal place. Growing up, he had a very interestingRead MoreMartin Luther King, Jr Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesbe slaves, African-Americans saw a road trip to equality through the eyes of Martin Luther King, Jr. Even after being emancipated from slaves to citizens, African-Americans were not ready to wage the battle against segregation alone. The weight which African Americans carried on their back, was lightened when they began to see what Martin Luther King, Jr. brought to the table against segregation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the single most important African-American leader of the Civil Rights MovementRead MoreBiography of Martin Luther King, Jr745 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born on in his mothers parents large house on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the second child, and was first named Michael, after his father. Both changed their names to Martin when the boy was still young. King JR was born into a financially secu re family middle class with that, They received better education in respect to most people of their race. King Jr, noticed this and this influenced him to live a life of social protestRead MoreEssay on Martin Luther King, Jr.591 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born at home on Tuesday, January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents were Martin Luther, Sr. and Alberta King. He was born into a world where segregation was the law. Where his boyhood best friend, who was white, wasnt allowed to play with him once they started school. Where black people went to separate bathrooms, drank from separate water fountains, couldnt eat in whites only restaurants, and had toRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1144 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15 1929-April 4, 1968) Brief Summary (of who MLK Jr. is): Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and an activist who led the civil rights movement in the 1950. He was a fundamental force behind the civil rights movement that ended legal segregation. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. But he was sadly assassinated in 1968 on a second floor balcony of Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee†¦ Childhood: Martin Luther was never poor. He lived with a middleRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.2405 Words   |  10 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and social activist, who led the Civil Rights Movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. IN THESE GROUPS NOBEL PEACE PRIZE WINNERS FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO DIED IN 1968 FAMOUS PEOPLE WHO WENT TO PRISON FAMOUS CAPRICORNS Show All Groups 1 of 19  «  » QUOTES â€Å"But we come here tonight to be saved from that patience that makes us patient with anything less than freedom and justice.† —Martin Luther King Jr. Read More Martin Luther King Jr. Essay637 Words   |  3 Pages Martin Luther King, Jr. was perhaps one of the most influential person of our time. As the father of modern civil rights movement, Dr.Martin Luther king, Jr., is recognized around the world as a symbol of freedom and peace. Born January 15, 1929, King was the son of an Atlanta pastor. King accomplished many achievements during his life. He graduated from Morehouse as a minister in 1948 and went on to Crozer Theological seminary in Chester, Pa., where he earned a divinity degree. After that KingRead MoreThe Legacy of Martin Luther King Jr.1123 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 - April 4, 1968) was known as an activist and a remarkable leader for African Americans throughout the Civil Rights Movement. He was put in jail for his non-violent civil rights campaigns, spoke out for racial justice, and tried to find an end to racial discrimination. King’s legacy is still known present day, and continues to be one of the most well known leaders. Throughout Martin Luther King Jr.’s lifetime and the Civil Rights Movement, King was devoted

Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club - 890 Words

Lena and Ying-Ying from Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club both face injustice in their patriarchal relationships, just as Mariam and Laila from A Thousand Splendid Suns, however on very different terms. Lena, like Amir and Laila, struggles with confrontation and complete deference of others. However, under the influence of her mother, Lena realizes the problematic recurrences in relationship with her husband. Ying-Ying, aware of her daughters submissiveness, must lead Lena to intervention to confront herself and reconnect with her Chinese heritage in order to save her struggling relationships. While Ying-Ying sees the imbalance in Lena and Harold’s relationship as an embodiment of the flaws in her own marriage she reflects on her past and thinks to herself, â€Å"So this is what I will do. I will gather together my past and look. I will see a thing that has already happened. The pain that cut my spirit loose. I will use this sharp pain to penetrate my daughters tough skin an d cut her tiger spirit loose† (Tan, 153). She has sacrificed so much for her daughter, Lena, and accepts her American ways despite the fact that broadens the cultural gap between her Chinese heritage. Ying-Ying already experienced her loss of identity and self through her own marriage because she was unable to be assertive towards her husband. Here, just like Mariam and Hassan in Hosseni’s novels, Ying-Ying gives up her freedom in order for Lena to live a better life than she had. Although Ying-Ying doesn’t give upShow MoreRelatedAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1097 Words   |  5 PagesCulture defines humanity. Culture makes humans different than any other living organism ever known. Culture is what makes humans unique, and yet culture is easily the most misunderstood characteristic of individuals. In Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan develops the theme of incomplete cultural understanding leads to an inability to communicate one’s true intentions t hrough juxtaposition and conflict between mothers and daughters and their cultures. The conflicting Chinese culture of the mothers’Read MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1385 Words   |  6 Pages Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Mona A. M. Ahmed Zagazig University, Egypt The purpose of this paper is to investigate pluralism, acculturation and assimilation in Amy Tan s novel The Joy Luck Club (1989), a finalist for the National Award, and a recipient of the 1990 Bay Area Book Reviewers award for fiction. Amy Tan (1952- ) is a Chinese American novelist; she is the daughter of John Tan, a Chinese electricalRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay805 Words   |  4 PagesRebecca Nemmers American Minority Writers Professor Czer September 12, 2016 Mother Knows Best Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club is a well-known novel that discusses the difficulties that Chinese American immigrants face especially in the second generation. This novel specifically focuses in on the stories of the mothers and their daughters, their sufferings and triumphs. Due to both the generational and cultural differences between the mothers and daughters are extreme and these differences cause theirRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1023 Words   |  5 Pagesand other scholars’ articles, a diasporic and often considered as postcolonial discourses- Amy Tan’s debut novel The Joy Luck Club comes to my mind. Amy Tan, as one of the renowned contemporary Chinese American writers, and also as one of the daughters of the immigrants herself, writes several novels revealing situations and reflecting problems faced by the Chinese diaspora in America. Although The Joy Luck Club has been published for more than two decades, the stories inside are still going on in Chi neseRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesAmy Tan’s â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† is a novel written in various short stories between four immigrant Chinese mothers and their four Chinese-American born daughters. The mother’s represent their heritage, tradition, culture, and native tongue. Their daughters; however embody America and its culture, along with language. Each mother and daughter share the emotional feeling of cultural separation between themselves and their relationship with each other. With their cross-cultural relationship, the daughtersRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1028 Words   |  5 PagesIn Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, Waverly Jong is a dynamic character who shows her arrogance, selfishness and insecurities as the story progresses. On the first letter of Waverly’s name, W, sits a Mink, which symbolizes her desire for her mother’s approval. Throughout the novel, Waverly avoids Lindo’s criticism and fears her mother will not agree with her choices. This is evident in â€Å"Four Directions† when Waverly shows her mother the mink coat Rich bought her and Lindo responds, â€Å"This is no good†¦Read MoreAnalysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1637 Words   |  7 Pagessame time† (Goreski). Amy Tan, an author of numerous novels, understands the battle of relationships, especially between culturally diverse mothers and daughters. In one of Tan’s novels, The Joy Luck Club, she writes to get the point across of how difficult it is for contrasting cultures to communicate with one another, â€Å"...out of an intense concern with the individual artistic choices she was making at every level and at every moment† (Evans 3). The passionate message Tan stresses in the novelRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club1210 Words   |  5 PagesThe Joy Luck Club, Amy Tan tells the story of four Chinese mothers and their American daughters. Throughout th e book, Tan talks about the mothers and the life they had in china, the relationship between their mothers, and why they moved to America. She also writes about the daughters who were born and raised in America and their relationship with their mothers. In addition, she talks about the cultural differences between the Chinese mothers and the Chinese-American daughters. Joy Luck Club is oneRead MoreAmy Tan s The Joy Luck Club986 Words   |  4 Pageshope. How to laugh forever†, Amy Tan wrote in The Joy Luck Club. This powerful quote not only exhibits the mindset that Amy has formed over the years, but also how various lessons has shaped her inner-being. Overcoming a past were all the odds were against her, even her mother, leaves Tan’s story worth being heard. Amy’s mixed heritage made adapting to the free life of America from an authoritarian Chinese parenting style difficult. The pivotal moment that altered Amy Tan’s life the most was breakingRead MoreAn alysis Of Amy Tan s The Joy Luck Club Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesLauren Lee 11 September 2016 English 203H 1st Period 3 paragraphs â€Å"The Joy Luck Club† Journey of the Swan In Amy Tan’s story â€Å"The Joy Luck Club,† Jing-mei recalls the struggles she is burdened by in not understanding the extensive sacrifices her mother made and the guilt she carries of never living to be her mother’s swan. For the majority of her life, June has battled with the tedious thoughts of why her mother never seemed content with her. â€Å"Auntie Lin and my mother were both best friends and

Surgical Site Infections Free Essays

string(87) " should at all times deal honestly and openly with patients concerning medical errors\." Surgical Site Infections Elizabeth Griffor HCA 375 Continuous Quality Monitoring Accreditation Instructor: Annajane Schnapp October 27, 2012 I chose to do my paper on the hospital-acquired condition of surgical site infections. In this paper I will discuss what a surgical site infection is, why it is considered preventable, the legal implications related to the patient, the role disclosure plays, accreditation expectations, and analyze the cost of continuous quality monitoring as it relates to quality. Surgical site infections account for 40 % of all hospital-acquired infections ( HAIs) and are unnecessary and largely preventable. We will write a custom essay sample on Surgical Site Infections or any similar topic only for you Order Now Use of antibiotics is fundamental in preventing surgical site infection and includes three core elements: 1. appropriate selection, 2. timing of the first dose, 3. and discontinuation postoperatively. It used to be the standard practice to â€Å"shave and prep† a patient prior to surgery, but a study done in 1992 revealed that surgical site infections were 50% lower in surgery patients whose hair was removed with clippers rather than a razor. One of the most common complaints from surgery patients is being cold in the holding area, operating room, and the post anesthesia care unit ( PACU) . This is uncomfortable and can increase risk of complications; such as surgical site infections. Glucose control is also important as a method for decreasing surgical site infections ( Frances, 2005). Guidelines for preventing surgical site infection are at the preoperative stage, intraoperative stage, and postoperative stage. They are as follows: 1. Preoperative stage: Patient preparation- Identify and treat all infections before surgery; postpone surgery if possible until infection is resolved. * Do not remove hair by the incision site unless it interferes with the operation; use electric clippers immediately before surgery if hair must be removed. * Have patients bathe or shower with an antiseptic the day of the surgery or the night before. * Thoroughly wash and clean at and around the incision site to remove gross contamination. * K eep hospital stays as short as possible to limit the patient’s exposure to nosocomial infections. Antimicrobial prophylaxis- * Work with the physician, pharmacist, and administer a prophylactic antibiotic only if it is indicated; antibiotic chosen should be effective against common pathogens that cause surgical site infections. * I. V. administration of the antibiotic should be timed so it is concentrated when the incision is made. * Do not use Vancomycin for antimicrobial prophylaxis routinely. Surgical team preparation- * Keep fingernails short, no artificial nails; bacteria and fungi can colonize on your hands if you wear artificial nails. Surgical team members who have signs or symptoms of an infectious illness need to promptly report this to their manager and occupational health service personnel. * Surgical team members that have draining skin lesions should be relieved from duty until infection has been ruled out, they have had therapy, or the infection is gone. * It is also suggested that no hand or arm jewelry be worn, as well as nail polish. 2. Intraoperative stage: Ven tilation- * Maintain ventilation in the operating room and maintain a minimum of 15 air changes per hour. Keep the operating door closed as much as possible. * Limit the number of staff entering the operating room. Surfaces and equipment- * Clean surfaces or equipment with hospital disinfectant if they are soiled with blood or body fluids before the next operation. * Do not perform special cleaning or closing of operating room after contaminated or dirty operations. * Sterilize all surgical equipment according to guidelines. * Assemble sterile equipment and solutions just before using them. Surgical attire- * Before entering the operating room, a surgical mask and hood that covers he hair on the face or head must be worn. * Sterile surgical gloves must be worn, putting them on after a sterile gown. * Shoe covers are not necessary for preventing surgical site infections. Vascular access- * Adhere to the rules of asepsis when placing intravascular devices and administering I. V. drugs . 3. Postoperative stage: Incision care- * Use a sterile dressing for 24-48 hours on an incision after surgery. * Wash your hands before and after any contact with the surgical site, even when changing the dressing. Use a sterile technique when changing dressings. * Teach the patient and family about incision care, signs or symptoms of surgical site infection, and when to report any symptoms (Adams, 2001). Following these guidelines can effectively reduce or prevent surgical site infections. Although nothing is 100% full proof, surgical site infections can be reduced and prevented in most situations. If an infection is not present at the time of admission and becomes evident after 48 hours of hospitalization; it is considered to be hospital acquired. Following the above mentioned guidelines indicates quality health care practices. By using these techniques, surgical site infections will be prevented and reduced resulting in quality care; benefiting both the patient and the hospital. A legal implication related to a patient developing a surgical site infection, results in more cost to the hospital, less profit, and leaves them open to possible lawsuits. Hospital acquired infections affect 1. 7 million hospitalizations, cost $ 8. 1 billion to treat, and lead to 2. 3 million total days of hospitalization. Infections are the fourth most expense in hospitals, costing $ 252,600 per hospital on average, and each afflicted patient requires $ 24,500 more in care on average as a result. Examples of lawsuits filed due to hospital infections are as follows: July 2008, couple awarded $ 2. 58 million after the patient contracted a deadly type of staph infection ( MRSA), resulting in the loss of a kidney, and an amputated leg and foot. November 2008, jury awarded $ 13. 5 million to a woman’s family after she died of an infection aused by flesh-eating bacteria; contracted during cancer treatment. And November 2008, a woman reached a confidential settlement of $ 16 million when a hospital failed to detect a flesh-eating bacteria, before and after she gave birth, resulting in the loss of three limbs and several organs ( Gaffey, 2010). According to the AMA’s code of ethics, it is a requirement that a physician should at all times deal honestly and openly with patients concerning medical errors. You read "Surgical Site Infections" in category "Essay examples" Several doctors cite the risk of litigation as grounds for caution when discussing medical errors. Practicing defensive medicine such as ordering more tests or consults has become the norm to avoid malpractice suits. 94% of physicians say they would inform a patient if a mistake was made that caused an injury. Concern regarding legal liability which might result from telling the truth should not affect a physician’s honesty with a patient according to the AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics, however some skeptics maintain that it is easier to brag about virtue, than actually follow it ( Rice,2002). For the most part physicians agree that honesty is the best policy. Many doctors in a survey confessed to errors such as; prescribing the wrong medications, wrong dosage, misinterpreting x-rays, misinterpreting lab reports, etc†¦ One physician stated that being upfront about his mistakes, talking to the family, and apologizing probably avoided a lawsuit. Most doctors agree that it is better to be upfront about a mistake for several reasons, they are: 1. That it always comes out eventually, 2. Dishonesty causes more damage and loses the public’s trust, 3. Honesty decreases the chance of being sued, as well as it is the right thing to do, and 4. They want their patients or family to hear it from them first ( Rice, 2002). Communicating with the patient or family, educating them on the procedure and signs or symptoms to look for can prevent surgical site infections. Being open and honest with the patient and their family when an error occurs can possibly help to avoid a lawsuit. Honesty is always the best policy when providing quality health care. In October 2008, CMS announced that it would no longer pay for hospital-acquired conditions. It is their view that if a hospital has a good standard of practice and multidisciplinary care guidelines that these events should not happen and can easily be prevented. This is not to penalize health care, but to improve the safety of patient care and improve the quality of care by establishing standards of care and protocols. The Joint Commission has also implemented similar reporting and nonpayment initiatives to improve safety and improve the quality of care ( Lisa, 2009). The Joint Commissions new national patient safety goal to prevent surgical site infections includes a requirement to look for surgical site infections for up to 30 days after a procedure. The Center for Disease Control ( CDC) estimates that between 12% and 84% of surgical site infections are found after patients are discharged from the hospital. Joint Commission surveyors will be looking to see if the following protocols are being followed: * Hospital educates health care workers involved in surgical procedures about healthcare –associated infections, surgical site infections, and the importance of prevention. Before all surgical procedures, the hospital educates patients/family about surgical site infection prevention. * Hospital implements policies and practices aimed at reducing surgical site infections. * Hospital conducts periodic risk assessments for surgical site infections. * Measurement strategies follow evidence-based guidelines and surgical site infections are measu red for the first 30 days after surgery. * Hospital supplies surgical site infection rate data and prevention outcome to leaders, practitioners, nursing staff, and other clinicians. Antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis used for a particular procedure or disease are administered according to standards and guidelines. * Administer I. V. antimicrobial prophylaxis within one hour before incision. * Discontinue the prophylactic antimicrobial agent within 24 hours after surgery. * When hair removal is necessary, use clippers or depilatories ( Hospital Infection Control, 2008). Localized improvement occurs when a team is developed to look at a specific problem; such as the rate of surgical site infections. Organizational learning occurs when this process is ocumented and results in the development of policies that are implemented; such as a protocol for preventing surgical site infections. Process reengineering occurs when a major investment blends internal and external resources to make c hanges; such as being accredited by the Joint Commission and following their guidelines for prevention of surgical site infections. Evidence-based medicine involves the selection of the best clinical practices; implementing surgical site infection control guidelines or protocol to reduce cost and increase profit (Sollecito Johnson, 2013). The most effective strategies for improving health care quality are: clinician-directed audit and feedback, clinical decision support systems, specialty outreach programmes, continuing professional education based on interactive small-group case discussions, and patient-mediated clinician reminders. Pay-for-performance strategies directed to clinician groups and organizational process redesign are modestly effective ( Scott, 2009). In my opinion using the organizational learning strategy would generate the best outcome and cost the least to implement. Having a team put together to gather data on surgical site infections and implementing a protocol or guidelines to follow to prevent these events would result in less cost and increased profit. In conclusion, surgical site infections are for the most part preventable. Following protocols or guidelines can greatly reduce surgical site infections. Educating staff, patients, and their families, can have a big impact on preventing surgical site infections and implementing these strategies reduces cost and increases profit. References: Adams, A. 2001). Preventing surgical site infection ( SSI): Guidelines at a glance. Nursing Management, 32 (8), 46-46. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/231438710? accountid= 32521. Frances, A. G. ( 2005). Best-practice protocol is: Preventing surgical site infection. Nursing Management, 36 (11), 20-26. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/ 231393974? accountid=32521. Gaffey, A. D. RN, MSN, CPHRM, FASHRM. ( 2010). Legal Impl ications of Healthcare- Acquired Infections. Retrieved from http://www. ahe. rg/ahe/conference/2010/content /092910/a. Lisa, M. S. ( 2009). Compliance with CMS â€Å" never events† billing requirements. Journal of Health Care Compliance, 11 (5), 33-36. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/ docview/227916352? accountid=32521. Rice, B. (2002). Medical errors: Is honesty ever optional? Medical Economics, 79 ( 19), 63-72. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/227734141? accountid=32521. Scott, I. (2009). What are the most effective strategies for improving quality and safety of healthcare? Internal Medicine Journal, 39 (6), 389-400. Doi:http://dx. doi. org/ 10. 1111/j. 1445-5994. 2008. 01798. x. Sollecito, W. A. Johnson, J. K. (2013). Continuous quality improvement in health Care (4th ed). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN: 9780763781545. The joint commission update for infection control: SSI goal: Look for infections a month after procedure. (2008). Hospital Infection Control, Retrieved from http://search. Proquest. com/docview/758852362? accountid=32521. How to cite Surgical Site Infections, Essay examples

Movie Overview Collateral Essay Example For Students

Movie Overview Collateral Essay The movie Collateral, written by Stuart Beattie, is about a taxi driver named Max who finds himself trapped in his vehicle with a contract killer named Vincent. Max is forced into difficult situations and eventually stands up for himself and the last name on Vincent’s hit list. There are many points that the writer makes throughout the film however, one stands out more than others. You need to take risks to get what you want. In the movie, Max is a taxi driver who picks up a woman named Annie. She tells him to drive in a certain direction, however, Max knows there will be traffic there so he bets her a free ride if he is wrong about the traffic. At the end of the ride, Annie gives Max her business card and max puts it in the visor of the car. Later Max picks up Vincent in his taxi and Vincent pays Max six hundred dollars to drive him around for the night. Throughout the night Vincent and Max go around the city. Vincent turns out to be a contract killer and forces max to stay with him and finish the job. Vincent has a bag that contains the names of the people that he needs to kill. Later in the movie, you find out that Max visits his mother in the hospital every night so in order to not raise suspicion Vincent and Max take a trip to visit Max’s mother. During the visit Max decides he has had enough of Vincent so he grabs Vincent’s bag and runs off with it. There is a huge chase seen and Max ends up throwing the bag over a fence on to a highway. I believe that this is the turning point it the movie because you see from this point on that Max is changing, risking more, and is making progress in stopping Vincent. Max starts taking charge of the bad situation he is in. The next time in the movie you see Max taking risks was when he is forced into going in to the club to get the last two names from the man paying Vincent. Max is nervous in the beginning but takes charge of the situation by telling the man behind him to put his gun away. This shows the man in charge that Max is not messing around and Max pulls off becoming Vincent. Also it shows the viewers that Max is willing to do anything to be rid of Vincent. Another part of the movie that had this theme was the ending when Max and Vincent are on their way to kill Annie, the last person on Vincent’s list. Max tries to throw off Vincent by flipping the taxi. However, Vincent is only slightly injured after the taxi rolls over. Vincent leaves Max in the flipped taxi while Vincent walks to the last target’s office building. Police show up to the scene and find the dead body in the trunk so the police officer goes to arrest Max. Max takes a huge risk and handcuffs the officer to the flipped taxi and runs after Vincent. After many attempts to warn Annie, Max goes up in to the office building to save Annie. Max took many risks to save Annie. The risks Max took throughout the movie lead to getting the girl he wanted. Before meeting Vincent, Max would not have ever even thought about handcuffing a police officer to his flipped taxi. Taking risks and getting what you want is not only one of the main themes but is a good lesson to take from the movie as well.

Visual Argument Analysis free essay sample

I also find it interesting that in this cartoon the Native Americans are talking about border security to each other, about the Europeans, just to find out that the Europeans in the future kill, rape, and steal the Native Americans land and people. To me it looks like the cartoonist is trying to get a point across that we need to take a look at ourselves and what we stand by, or perhaps the cartoon just may be telling us that this is a cycle.When talking about the exigency of this cartoon, the fact that believe everyone should open their eyes and try to relate toward each other is my main motivation on riding about this topic. The final e-portfolio, the last assignment for this course, will comprise a selection of your very best work from both semesters of Rhetoric and Civic Life (regardless of whether you changed to a different instructor). We will write a custom essay sample on Visual Argument Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A successful e-portfolio will display excellence in the following required modes: E-portfolio writing and design that exhibits strong introductory and explanatory prose, sound visual design, and user functionality Public discourse intended for a specific audience Academic writing that integrates and responds to various so recess and monstrance academic disciplinary writing Oral presentation that is captured as audio or video Visual rhetoric that stands as its own visual argument or an original visual that complements a written or oral text A rsum that is crafted to meet conventions of the rsum genre, and that displays your skills, knowledge, and experience The objectives of the e-portfolio assignment Inc due: to reflect on the work you have done this semester by revisiting that work with an eye to revision and to individual assignments place in the larger scheme of the course, to learn-?and put into practice-?the difference twine revision and proofreading or editing to use rhetorical skills, once again, to design and present that work to a broad online audience that might include Pattern fellows or SSH administrators, future employers, friends, parents, and the like, and to reflect on the rhetorical dimensions of such broad self-presentation and to make design decisions accordingly. A NOTE ABOUT REVISION: You should revise the assignments that you include in your portfolio, based on the instructor and peer feedback you received earlier in the semester.Revision also ought to take into account approaches to writing Tyler you have learned over the course of the year. If you need assistance with writing/editing, you should plan to visit the undergraduate Writing Center. Deadlines and dates to note: Friday, April 19 By this date, you need to select a blobbing platform and sign up for an account. Think very carefully about your choice of site name. Prior to class, you should post a WIPE blob entry that includes a link to your site. (No need to have added materials yet. I just want you to demonstrate that youve created a site. ) Your WIPE entry should also include a tentative list of materials you plan to include in your site.Monday, April 22 Class will meet in Sparks 001 ; use this time to work on your portfolio Wednesday, April 24 -? Class will meet in Sparks 001 ; use this time to work on your portfolio (NOTE: Bring a hard copy of your rsum to class today if you wish to have Anne review it) Friday, April 26 E-portfolio draft due; Class will meet in 001 Sparks and you will use class time to review and provide feedback on each others portfolios Tuesday, April 30 Cover letter and final e-portfolio link due at 5:00 p. M. (submit in ANGEL dropped). Your cover letter should address the following questions: (1) Who is your audience for your e-portfolio? Primary audience? Secondary audience? (2) What purposes do you expect your portfolio to serve? 3) How did you make your design and rhetorical choices with your audience(s) in mind? Advice for Selecting Portfolio Components (Adapted from the Penn State SEC programs selection advice) Make a list of the best work youve done in your Rhetoric Civic Life course (both the fall and spring semesters). Additionally, consider including projects created for other courses, especially those that received a superior grade or facial recognition. Consider the primary message you want the portfolio to send and to what audiences you wish to send it. Do you want to demonstrate your passion for human rights? For international education? For environmental concerns and creative writing?Choose one or two key passions that you want to serve as the guiding themes of the port folio-?maybe one of these themes could relate to your future career goals. Then, add items to your list (created in step one) that demonstrate your commitment to that passion. These items might be academic work, but they old also be a written, spoken, visual, or online text created for an extra- curricular activity or as part of a community effort. Dont worry if all your projects/papers werent A work when you first submitted them: you can revise relevant good or even average work by obtaining feedback from The Undergraduate Writing Center tutors, your classmates, your instructor, and so on. Review the required modes for your portfolio.Consider which of your selected pieces could fulfill these modes. Keep in mind that you could revise a piece to make it suit a mode you need to cover. For example, an academic ice of writing for your major could be revised for a specific public audience to serve as public discourse (and this revision would likely lead to a more coherent final portfolio than if you chose a paper written in your freshman year simply because it was already written for a public audience). Alternatively, you might record an audio file to go with a Powering presentation, covering the oral mode. You might even choose to do a video introduction to your portfolio to count as your oral requirement.

International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essays

International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essays International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essay International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography Essay International Responsibility and Liability- bibliography BY MBRO International Responsibility and Liability 1. Responsibility of States 2. Responsibility of International Organizations 3. International Liability 1. 1 General Works In addition to chapters on responsibility of principal textbooks on international law, the following works specialized in responsibility are useful. D. Anzilotti, La responsabilit? © internationale des Etats ? ¤ raison des dommages soufferts par des ? ©trangers, RGDIP, t. 13 (1906), pp. 5-29. R. Ago, Le d? ©lit internationale, RCADI, t. 8 1939-11), pp. 41 5-554. l. Brownlie, System of the Law of Nations, State Responsibility, Part 1 (Clarendon Press, 1983). SFDI colloque du mans: La responsabilit? © dans le syst? ©me international (Pedone, 1991). R. Provost ed. , State Responsibility in International Law (Ashgate, 2002). II-JE Colloque international de Florence 7 et8 decembre 2001 : Obligations multilat? ©rales, droit imp? ©ratif et reponsab ilit? © internationale des Etats (Pedone, 2003). James Crawford, Alain Pellet, and Simon Olleson eds. , The Law of International Responsibility (OUP, 2010). 1. Travaux r? ©paratoires 1. 2. 1 League of Nations Official Documents The Report of Subcommittee: League of Nations Publ. C. 46. M. 23. 1926. V Conclusions of the Report of the Subcommittee of the League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law (Guerrero Report)(1926): C. 196. M. 70. 1927. V Bases of Discussion Drawn up by the Preparatory Committee of the Hague Codification Conference (1929): C. 75. M. 69. 1929. V Texts Adopted in the First Reading by the Third Committee of the Codification Conference: C. 351(c). M. 145(c). 1930. V Privately edited travaux pr? ©paratoires S. Rosenne ed. , League of Nations Committee of Experts for the Progressive Codification of International Law (1925-1928), Vol. l (Minutes), Vol. 2 (Documents) (Oceana, 1972). including documents prepared by the Preparatory Committee, such as the Bases of Discussion. S. Rosenne ed. , League of Nations Conference for the Codification of International Law (1930), Vols. 3-4 (Oceana, 1975). including official records of the conference 1. 2. 2 United Nations Analytical Guide to the Work of the International Law Commission: http:// ntreaty. n. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm 9. 6 State Responsibility Introductions, Text and Commentaries (Cambridge University Press, 2002 1. 2. 3. Others Institut de Droit International, International Responsibility of States for Injuries on Their Territory to the Person or Property of Foreigners, Annuaire de Ilnstitut (Session de Lausanne), 1927. Institut de Droit International, Obligations and Rights Erga Omnes in Intern ational Law, Annuaire de Ilnstitut (Session de Krakow), 2005. Draft Rules prepared by the Kokusaiho-gakkwai (lAssociation de Droit International du Japon), in conjunction with the Japanese Branch of the International Law Association, with the view of contributing towards the Progressive Codification of International Law, as planned by the League of Nations Resolution, September 1924, Journal of International Law and Diplomacy, vol. 25, no. 6, 1926, pp. 599-648. Draft Convention and Comments on Responsibility of States for Injuries to Aliens Prepared by the Research in International Law of the Harvard Law School, Supplement to the American Journal of International Law, vol. 3, Special Number (1929). the so-called Harvard Draft, which includes various private draft conventions and reactions of States in its apppendix. Draft Convention Prepared by Professors Louis B. Sohn and R. R. Baxter (Harvard Law School)(1961): F. V. Garcia-Amador, Louis B. Sohn and R. R. Baxter ed. , Recent Codification of the Law of State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens (Oceana, 1974). Inter-American Conference, American Postulates Formulated by the I nter-American Juridical Committee (1961): Doc. OEA/Ser. Nl. 2, CU-61 1. 3 Jurisprudence Digest of the Decisions of International Tribunals relating to State Responsibility, Prepared by the Secretariat, A/CN. 4/169, YILC 1964-11. Supplement, Prepared by the Secretariat, to the Digest of the Decisions of International Tribunals relating to State Responsibility, A/CN. 4/208, YILC 1969-11. Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, Compilation of Decisions of International Courts, Tribunals and other Bodies, Report of the Secretary-General, A/62/62 and Add. a compilation of Judicial decisions referring to the ILC draft articles or its first reading text. 1. 4 Bibliography State Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Acts (Part 1). Principal in the Reports of Mr. Ago. Document Prepared by the Secretariat, A/CN. 4/318/Add. 8, YILC H. H. R. van Hamel, La responsabilit? © internationale de lEtat: bibliographie s? ©lective pr? ©par? ©e par la bibliotheque du P alas de la Paix, La Haye (Centre d? ©tude et de recherche de lAcad? ©mie de droit international de La Haye, 1982). M. Spinedi, Bibliography on the Codification of State Responsibility by the United Nations, 1973-1985, M. Spinedi and B. Simma eds. , United Nations Codification of State Responsibility (Oceana, 1987), p. 395. J. Crawford, Select Bibliography, The International Law Commissions Articles on State Responsibility: Introductions, Text and Commentaries, (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 368. bibliography of works published basically after 1995. Bibliographie s? ©lective sur la responsabilit? © internationale des Etats pour manquement aux obligations multilat? ©rales Obligations multilat? ©rales, droit imp? ©ratif et reponsabilit? © internationale des Etats (Pedone, 2003), p. 241. bibliography of works dealing with the invocation of the responsibility of States arising from violations of obligations erga omnes. 2. 1 General Works Can International Organizations be Controlled? Accountability and Responsibility, ASIL Proceedings, 2003. M. Zwanenburg, Accountability of Peace Support Operations (NiJhoff, 2005). P. Klein, La responsabilit? © des organisations internationales (Bruylant, 1998). 2. 2 Travaux pr? ©paratoires 2. 2. 1 United Nations untreaty. un. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm Responsibility of international organizations 2. 2. 2 Private Codifications The Legal Consequences for Member States of the Non-fulfilment by International Organizations of their Obligations towards Third Parties, 66-11 Annuaire de Ilnstitut e Droit International (1996) Accountability of International Organizations, ILA Seventy-First Report: Berlin Conference (2004) 3. General Works K. Zemanek, Causes and Forms of International Liability, in Bin Cheng and E. D. Brown ed. Contemporary Problems of International Law: Essays in Honor of Georg Schwarzenberger on his Eightieth Birthday (Stevens Sons, 1988), pp. 319-333. J. Barboza, The Saga of Liability in the International Law Commission, Melanges offerts a Hubert Thierry: L evolution du droit international (Pedone, 1998), pp. 5-22. G. Lysen, State Responsibility a nd International Liability of States for Lawful Acts (Forfattaren och lustus Forlag, 1997) 3. Travaux pr? ©paratoires untreaty. un. org/ilc/guide/gfra. htm International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law Sub-divided into * International liability for injurious consequences arising out of acts not prohibited by international law (prevention of trans boundary damage from hazardous activities) by international law (international liability in case of loss from trans boundary harm arising out of hazardous activities)

Price and promoting Starbucks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Price and promoting Starbucks - Essay Example e growth in a market with price fluctuations; and upholds Starbucks commitment to purchase high-quality product in a socially responsible manner† (9). Starbucks likewise implements differentiated pricing strategies depending on diverse target markets. Smith disclosed that Starbucks pricing strategy at the lower end of the market as the â€Å"mark-to-market pricing strategy. Basic coffee at Starbucks may be somewhat more expensive than the watered down swill they call coffee at a low end diner, but it is priced competitively within its peer category† (Smith par. 5). On the other hand, at the higher end of the target market, Starbucks implements that â€Å"differentiated-value pricing strategy. In this category, the competition is weaker and Starbucks does have stronger pricing power. They can price in proportion to the value customers place on having a high quality and highly customized product† (Smith par. 7). promotion (Tewell, Odom and Snider 18). The Starbucks Back to Basics article written by NewMyer, et al. has emphasized the organization as implementing a pull promotional strategy; meaning, they promote directly to the customers (NewMyer, Fox and Kelsay 3). Carmichael emphasized that since bulk of their customers return to get the next cup of coffee or purchase some food items at Starbucks, â€Å"company executives feel that improving the in-store customer experience is a much more effective means of advertising than via Starbucks commercials. Starbucks encourages the promotion of their stores as a ‘third home’, providing comfortable chairs for customers to relax and spend time in, playing music and providing outlets for people to plug their laptops into† (Carmichael par. 4). However, Starbucks has also acknowledged that using social media as a means to promote various products and activities. As reported by Noff, â€Å"overall Starbucks’s social media strategy integrates many different elements into the mix and combined together, these elements

Philosophy. Viktor Frankls Mans Search for Meaning, Platos Theory of Essay

Philosophy. Viktor Frankls Mans Search for Meaning, Platos Theory of Forms - Essay Example Yes, we sometimes understand an emotional resposne to something, but this does not mean that we excuse it: we rely on logic to examine whether or not it is true, even if we know that there is an emotion behind it. With this in mind, one can evaluate Viktor Frankl’s most famous quote: â€Å"there are two races of men in this world, but only these two – the â€Å"race† of descent men, and the â€Å"race† of indecent men. Both are found everywhere, they penetrate into all groups of society. No group consists entirely of decent or indecent people,† (Frankl 43). This quotation comes from Viktor Frankl’s seminal book ‘Man’s Search for Meaning’ was written in 1946 and draws on his experiences in four different concentration camps but particularly during his time in Auschwitz, that great factory of mass murder where over 1.5 million Jews and other political prisoners were exterminated. Frankl had to suffer several of his familyâ⠂¬â„¢s deaths including his pregnant wife while he had to continue labouring and blocking out the suffering from his mind. Frankl’s encounters with the terrible and almost unreal experiences in the concentration camps truly prove to be harrwoing reading. ... Frankl is also concerned with the effects of all this mass murder on the Germans themselves who also end up severely traumatized by their experiences. Indeed he has words of comfort for those who have to go through their own personal suffering to achieve some sort of understanding and catharsis, yet he is obviously much more sympathetic with what the camp inmates are going through. The experiences of those who are left in the starvation block are particularly harrwoing and disturbing as Frankl has to examine some of them who are very near death. Here one begins to understand the horror and torture that these person were going through with absolutely no chance of survival. Yet even with all of this emotional baggage that forms a part of this argument, that there are only two races of men, it falls on a philosopher to analyze if this is true. This contains within it some premises that may or may not be true: we will evaluate each of the individually. Because this is a short passage, so me of these premises will only be implied instead of explicit, but I will argue where apropriate how they are implied. An examination of the underlying premises show that his original statement is in fact not true, logically speaking. One of the first premises of this statement, especially when viewed in the context of the book itself, is that one can significantly separate someone’s role in support of a system from their moral responsibility for that system’s actions. One of his fundamental points when making this statement is that there were some descent people among the gaurds at the prison camp where Frankl stayed. He even said as much in his book. This is an objection to the idea that there can be descent people among any group – no gaurd at a

Parameters For Noise Pollution Measurement

Parameters For Noise Pollution Measurement Noise is defined as the sound which is unwanted or undesired for a particular community in a particular place. Sound is the form of energy which gives the sensation of hearing. It is produced by longitudinal mechanical waves in the matter and is transmitted by the oscillations of atoms and molecules of matter. Noise is basically a form of unwanted sound with a specific pitch, intensity, frequency, amplitude and other characteristics. The description of noise as an unwanted sound indicates that it has an unpleasant effect on human beings and their environment including land structure and domestic animals, also affecting wildlife and ecological cycles. Units of measurement: The unwanted sound or noise can be physically determined as a quantity with the unit called decibel (dB). Decibel is audio loudness measurement. It is the logarithmic unit that describes the ratio between sound intensity values or sound pressure values. 0dB is nominally the threshold of hearing and 85-90dB is nominally the threshold of pain while levels near 120dB may disturb normal body functioning. Noise and our hearing: The auditory function of the ear consists is the conduction of sound through the external and middle ears or cranial bones and their reception by the spiral organ of corti, the receptor of the auditory analyzer. The external and middle ear make up the sound conducting apparatus, while the internal ear, specially the organ of corti, makes up the sound perceiving apparatus. The auricle in man plays a role in collecting sound and determining their direction. Sound waves striking the tympanic membrane set it into vibrations. The drum being connected to the handle of malleus, these vibrations are transmitted to the ossicular window of the labyrinth, rocks in and out of the oval window according to the phase of sound vibration. The vibration of the foot plate of the stapes in the oval window sets up vibrations in the perilymph. These vibrations are transmitted to the basilar membrane, and the organ of corti which it supports. The vibration of the basilar membrane causes the hair cells of the spiral organ of corti to get in touch with the overhanging tectorial membrane. At the same time, the mechanical energy of excitation, which is conveyed to most delicate receptors of the auditory nerve to be passed further to its nuclei into the medulla to the temporal brain lobes where nerve impulses are interpreted as sounds heard. Normal hearing depends on the normal condition of the apparatus for sound perception and conduction. Human being can hear external sounds with a frequency of 16-20,000 cycles per second. When sound vibrations enter into the cochlea; the tiny hairs in the cochlea to move back and forth. If vibrations with a great intensity blast into the cochlea, these hairs, especially the stereocilia, can be flattened and damaged. NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution is the pollution caused when the unwanted sound is dumped into the environment without taking concern of its adversaries it may have. It causes health hazards (auditory + non-auditory effects) to the people and also affects the surrounding environment as well as wildlife. PARAMETERS FOR NOISE POLLUTION MEASUREMENT: For noise emission measurement, change in several sound characteristics is determined for detecting and recording the accurate values in dB. Some of these measuring parameters are: Sound Power: It is defined as the energy of sound per unit time and is given by: W= E/t (j/s or Watts) Whereas, sound power level can be described as: Lw= 10 log (W/W0) Where: W= measured power from the sound source W0= reference power level (10-12 Watts) Sound Intensity: It is defined as the amount of energy per unit area in unit time that is perpendicular to the direction of travelling sound waves. It is also defined as the sound power transmitted per unit area and is given by: I = W/A (W/m2) The dynamic range of sound intensity for human hearing ranges from 10-12W/m2 to 10-100 W/m2. The highest sound intensity possible to hear is 10,000,000,000,000 times as loud as the quietest. The usage of intensity for describing human ear response over a linear scale is very difficult as it gives such large values. Therefore, a logarithmic scale is used instead of linear scale in which the intensity level is given by 10 times the logarithmic ratio of the actual intensity to the reference intensity value. The threshold of audible sound is 10-16 W/cm2; which is considered as 0 dB. Sound intensity level is given by: Lt= 10 log (I/I0) Where: I= intensity value measured (W/m2) I0= reference intensity (10-16W/m2) Sound Pressure: Sound pressure is defined as the force of sound per unit area perpendicular to the direction of sound waves. It is given by: P= F/A (N/m2 or Pa) The range of human hearing is 0.00002-20 Pa. the sound pressure level is given by: SPL= 20 log (P/P0) Where: P= measured sound pressure (Pa) P0= reference power level (2ÃÆ'-10-5 Pa) SOUND PRESSURE ( Pa) INTENSITY (W/m2) INTENSITY LEVEL (dB) 2ÃÆ'-10-5 10-12 0 2ÃÆ'-10-4 10-10 20 2ÃÆ'-10-1 10-4 80 2(2ÃÆ'-100) 10-2 100 20(2ÃÆ'-101) 10(100) 120 200(2ÃÆ'-102) 100(102) 140 Table 1.1- Showing relationship between sound pressure and intensity level CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE POLLUTION Depending on the source of generation, the pollution due to several types of noises can be divided into following types: COMMUNITY NOISE POLLUTION: Community noise pollution is mainly spreading in the environment due to various community noises. These community noises can be further sub-divided into: Road traffic noise: With rapid increase in number of road vehicles, traffic noise is increasing day by day. The noise is spreading mainly due to traffic speed as the volume of the noise enhances with the traffic speed, and as modern high ways and traffic systems encourage speed, the noise pollution phenomenon is raising rapidly. There is maximum noise pollution during morning and evening hours in urban areas. Heavy engine-trucks are the noisiest vehicles on road having at least 80-85dB level of noise. Domestic noise: This type includes all types of noises that are common in residential areas i.e. the noise of music players, television, burglar alarms, dog barking, residential construction noise etc. depending on its intensity and volume, residential or domestic noise can be source of annoyance to anyone. The noise level in residential areas ranges from 35-45dB and does not cause serious auditory disorders. Aircraft noise: The noise which is spreading in the environment mainly due to aviation activities i.e. phases of a flight including take off, landing and flying on a path. These aerodynamic activities have an adverse effect on the people associated with the flight processes but also the people residing near airports. These noise levels are much higher in ultra-flight aircraft having a peak near 100dB which is extremely hazardous to the health. http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/images/Image5.gif Fig. 1.1- Aircraft noise pattern from a jet engine OCCUPATIONAL NOISE POLLUTION: Occupational noise pollution is the pollution which is present in the environment due to noises on work places, factories, and industries i.e. the noise of machines, tools, and other working equipment at work. Depending on the time of exposure, these noises have been divided into following three types: Continuous noise: It is defined as the noise whose maxima (highest levels) occur more often than once per second. It is produced by the machinery that operates without interruption e.g. pumps, compressors and processing equipments etc. Intermittent noise: The noise that is not continuous with time i.e., taking alternating periods of start and stop is called intermittent noise e.g. drill machines. NOISE SOURCE NOISE LEVEL(dB) Breathing 10 Conversation 20-30 House in a quiet street 35 Loud conversation 50-60 Office noise 60 Children playing 60 Lawn mower 60-80 Traffic noise 60-90 Sports car 85-90 Heavy truck 90-100 Electrically amplified music 120 Aircraft noise 90-120 Jet engine 140 Table 1.2-Sound sources and their intensities Impulse noise: It is the noise that gives rise to instantaneous sharp sound for a small time duration and then diminishes e.g. blasting. The sound pressure in this type may be from 40dB (minimum) to 200 plus dB (sufficient to destroy internal organs). http://coastaldrillingandblasting.com/images/home-photo-blast.jpg Fig 1.2- intermittent noise from blasting HAZARDOUS EFFECTS OF THE NOISE POLLUTION Health effects on human beings: Noise pollution is being considered as one of the leading environmental hazards nowadays. From a simple ceiling fan to a heavy traffic sight, the sound affects our lives somehow. But it is the relative loudness that is hazardous to the man and the other life forms. Noise pollution affects the human beings in two ways which are: 1) auditory effect: when it interferes with the functions of hearing mechanism. 2) Non-auditory effects: where it interacts with the health and bodily functions other than our hearing organs. Fig.1.3- a brief chart description of noise pollution hazards on human health Auditory effects: The first organ that gets affected by the noise is the ear. More than 50% of our working community complains of tinnitus (continuous ringing noise) in the ear. Continuous exposure may lead to deafness or permanent loss of hearing. It is because of the complete destruction of the organ of corti that transmits sound from ear to brain. The levels at which a person can get affected by the noise exposure are given below: Sensorineural hearing loss, neural hearing loss is due to damage to auditory nerves, sensory hearing loss is due to damage to inner ear or cochlea resulting from repeated loud noise exposure. High noise levels can result in excessive ear-wax secretion, a damaged ear-drum or fluid in the inner ear. More serious affects include permanent deafness, pain and ringing in the ears. Non-auditory effects: Non-auditory effects can be defined as all the effects on health and welfare due to the noise exposure apart from the effects on the hearing organs. they affect the social behaviour of the objects also altering the normal biological functioning of the body. When the noise pollution is considered to cause hazards other than hearing disorders, annoyance is the most basic level by which it affects peoples actions and communication, which leads to stress showing further symptoms and thus showing illness. On the other hand, noise may not always cause annoyance first and can directly affect health. The degree to which it may affect the health depends on the parameters including the intensity, pressure, volume, duration and the nature of the noise. Annoyance: It is the most prevalent and well documented subjective response to the noise, including fear and mild anger. Noise is also seen as interfering into personal privacy, while its meaning for any individual is important in determining whether the person will be annoyed by it. Annoyance reactions are associated with the degree of interference that any noise causes in everyday activities, which probably precedes and leads on to annoyance. In both traffic and aircraft noise studies, the noise levels have been found to be associated with annoyance in a dose-response relationship. on the whole, it seems that the speech communication activities are most disturbed by aircraft noise while traffic noise is most disturbing for sleep,if present at night. Noise pollution and sleep interference: Exposure to the noise for a long duration disturbs sleep resulting in raised anxiety levels. Habituation is likely to occur with the continual exposure of the noise. Objective sleep disturbance will develop if more than 50 noise events per night with a maximum level of 50 dB are at indoors or more. But, for the outdoor noise levels the value is quite low for sleep disturbance. Noise exposure during sleep may elevate blood pressure, heart rate, pulse amplitude and affect body movements. Following disturbed sleep, there may also be after-effects during the day; perceived sleep quality, short temper and daily performance levels are decreased due to sleep disturbed by road traffic noise. Effects on performance: It has been concluded from the laboratory studies, that noise exposure impairs routine performance. If a speech is played in front of a person who is learning a particular subject, it will cause performance impairment. Such impairment is independent of the meaning or subject of the speech but depends on the relative loudness. Noise exposure also slows down the rehearsal and the of selectivity processes in memory, and the choice of strategies for a particular tasks. It has also been observed that noise may reduce helping behaviour, increase violence and reduce the obedience of social cues. Physiological responses: The continuous exposure to noise causes numerous short-term physiological responses as transmitted through the nervous system. Exposure to noise causes physiological activation including elevated heart rate and blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction and increased peripheral vascular resistance. There is habituation to brief noise exposure but to the prolonged noise, habituation is less certain. Cardiovascular effects: Studies have suggested that individuals continually exposed to continuous noise of at least 85 dB have higher blood pressure than those not exposed to noise. Noise exposure is also an indicator of exposure to physical and psycho-social factors, associated with high blood pressure. Aircraft noise pollution is found related to heart trouble and hypertension, more cardiovascular drug use and higher blood pressure. The effects of noise have been shown on systolic blood pressure (but not diastolic pressure), total cholesterol, total triglycerides, blood viscosity, platelet count and, glucose level. However, it was found that the prevalence of hypertension was higher among people exposed to aircraft noise levels of at least 55 dB or maximum levels above 72 dB around. There is some evidence from community studies that environmental noise is related to hypertension and there is also evidence that environmental noise may be a minor risk factor for coronary heart disease. A sudden exposure to noise may stimulate catecholamine secretion and precipitate cardiac dysrhythmias. Psychiatric effects: It has been found that persistent exposure to noise causing annoyance may lead to psychological disorders. Early studies showed that regular exposure to high levels of noise to the factory workers and inhabitants of overpopulated areas complain about nausea, headache, anxiety, restless nights, and edgy tempers. But recent studies do not confirm this association between air-craft and road noise and psychiatric disorders; and the weak association was established between road-traffic noise and mental depressiveness. Hence, it is now believed that environmental noise may seem related with certain psychological symptoms, but does not result in serious psychological disorders. However, enhanced noise levels may increase the possibility of such disorders. Effects on cognitive behaviour in children: It is of the common knowledge that children belong to a group which is especially vulnerable and sensitive to environmental pollution and all of its types. Their cognitive structure is developing and they lack the well-developed strategies to coop-up. Studies have found the Effect of environmental noise activities on the cognitive structure. The research shows that noise pollution does not affect all cognitive structures uniformly; affecting mainly central processing and understanding of the language. Difficulties have been found in concentration and visual attention. The reports describe that noise exposed children show more difficulty in concentrating than those who are less exposed. The test performed on primary school children living in over-populated areas showed them having poor auditory distinction and speech perception; affecting their reading ability, as well as their school performance than those living in quiet areas. Effect of noise pollution on wildlife: Noise pollution can be harmful to the animals. High enough levels of the noise pollution may interfere with the natural cycles of the animals, which may change their migration paths to avoid the sound; moreover, masking which is the inability to perceive sound of ecological cues and animal signals. Exposure of Desert Kangaroo Rats to dune buggy sounds (95 db at 4 meters, on and off for 500 seconds) caused a major reduction on detection distance for its principal predator the Rattlesnake. When the distance for the normal sand kicking response to the snakes presence was reduced from 40 cm to 2 cm, and it took three weeks for the rat to recover. Plenty of evidences exist to prove that serious damage is occurring to the wild animals. Long-term effects from medium to low level noise intrusion need much more study, with emphasis on threatened and endangered species. NOISE POLLUTION COUNTROL All the sources of noise including road traffic, heavy vehicles, airplanes, factory machines etc. contribute towards noise pollution in one way or another. Some of these sources may have tolerable noise levels but when combined together, these can cause serious risks. According to World Health Organization, noise pollution control is easiest among all kinds of pollution the world is facing today Several steps are needed to be implemented so as to improve environmental conditions and to attain healthy noise free environment. Some of these steps are following Public awareness measures are required to make people understand about noise pollution and to guide them about permissible noise levels by using print media and electronic media properly. Noise exposure may be reduced on personal level by usage of protective ear plugs and also steps are required to reduce of exposure time to noise. Engineering techniques such as altering and modifying the designs to reduce noise, construction of sound barriers and sound absorbers might be helpful. Academic institutions and hospitals can be shifted away from the noisy roads, railway stations and airports. Similarly, the heavy industries and factories ought to be formed away from residential areas. The usage of pressure horns and record players among all means of transportation must be banned by the government in order to reduce the noise intensity. Monitoring of sound levels should be carried out by the traffic police. Legal action should be taken against violators by the government. Law formation and implementation is required to lessen the hearing problems among factory workers. Vegetation programmes along the roads should be initiated as plants absorb and dissipate high energy sound waves.

Deductive and Inductive Methods of Research Essay

In the quest for logical, supportable and verifiable scientific answers there are two basic methods of reasoning used to approach the subject matter to be studied. These are known as the deductive and the inductive approaches. The two approaches provide quite different lines of attack when attempting to prove or disprove social theories. The information that is gathered is used by social work researchers as supporting evidence to establish connections between theories and empirical data. Rafael Engel and Russell Schutt, The Practice of Research in Social Work, explain â€Å"Theories help us understand how social problems emerge; they guide us in the design of interventions to help individuals, groups or communities†(Rafael. Schutt. 2005. p. 39). In the case of deductive reasoning studies the research is begun from a theoretical basis, focused on a topic, and then narrowed to an; ‘If-Then’ hypotheses that can be tested. Research is conducted to gather data through observations, to confirm or disprove the hypotheses. Inductive reasoning is in a sense a reverse study, as it is through observations made that have initially picked up on certain trends, or established regularities that the hypotheses or theory is developed. In the field of Social work research it is not at all uncommon to utilize both methods of research, and Engel and Schutt refer to this as the â€Å"Research Circle† (2005. p. 45). Research often involves variables, and hypotheses often must stand up to multiple studies to arrive at a conclusive answer. The authors cite the Sherman and Berk’s, 1984, study of domestic violence â€Å"as an example of how the research circle works†(2005. p. 43). They said that first based on data regarding spousal abuse a hypothesis was developed regarding arrest rates. After data was researched that corresponded with the theory, the study was then followed up with inductive research based on the statistics of the data gathered. As noted often the researchers will go around the circle a number of time, as Sherman and Berk’s study did, adjusting variables and methods, to test a multitude of hypotheses. According to Engel and Schutt the â€Å"Inductive research process is more often the strategy used in qualitative methods† (2005. p. 38), and that deductive is â€Å"Most often used in quantitative methods† (2005. p. 38).

Definition of Nursing Essay

The definition of nursing as put forward by the American Nurses Association describes a framework that incorporates caring and health promotion. It is far reaching and intentionally inclusive to all fellow human beings. It has a goal to advocate and help decrease any element of suffering. Nursing is a professional body which strongly advocates the advancement of professional knowledge. Scholarly resources are used to anchor our credibly with research findings. The use of objective data develops processes to improve outcomes of care. Attentions are focused on human action and reactions to changes in health. The body of nursing  acts as influential body to impact social justice. The definition opens the scope of similarities and difference in approach where nurses can provide optimal care for their patients. The metaparadigm concepts: person, health, environment and nursing are platforms in which the protection, health promotion and goal to alleviate suffering can be developed. Dr Jean Watson, a nurse theorist is best now for her work on human caring. She asserts caring as central focus for nursing. Caring serves as pivot to the metaparadigm concepts. She found nurses who were not able to practice caring became harsh and brittle (as cited in Watson, 2009, p.467). As I work with my patients I now realize how my plans of care are based on theses metapadigm concepts. I frequently ask my coworkers what worked best for the patient and why. Then I incorporate that in my daily plan of care. References Watson, J. (2009). Caring science and human caring theory:transforming personal and professional practices of nursing and healthcare. Journal of Health and Human Services Administration,31(4), 466-483.

Analysis Of George Roosevelt s The West - 936 Words

tragedy. The two loves in his life are both dead on Valentine’s Day. Roosevelt choses to give of political life. So he was now working as a captain of the National Guard and other public service jobs. However Roosevelt only wants to do one thing he is driven to be an author. During this year Roosevelt releases many books including: The Naval War of 1812, Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, The Winning of the west, and Thomas Hart Benton. Roosevelt marries his childhood sweetheart, Edith Kermit Carow, and continues his literary career at their home. A couple of years later in 1889 Roosevelt is back into politics. Roosevelt now has his first job back as a member on the U.S. Civil Service Commission, this is where he commanded a reform effort to exchange patronage with merit in the handing out government jobs. The year is 1895, Roosevelt now the New York City police commissioner. The work Roosevelt is showing a police commissioner in New York City impressed the government. Months lat er Roosevelt was eating dinner with his family in his New York home, when he hear someone knocking on the door at the door was a government official telling him about the job they wanted him to take. Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Roosevelt, is the brain and muscle in the war with Spain. This war is known as the Spanish American War this marks and important point in The United States of America history. This war ended Spain colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere and gave The United States theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Capitalism And Soviet Communism1344 Words   |  6 Pages American capitalism and Soviet Communism were incompatible systems; Washington shouldn’t have been surprised to hear this in George Kennan’s long telegram. But the tensions were not always this high between the two word powers. In the end of world war two, â€Å"Stalin s empire was won with reservoirs of soviet blood†(cite 1). The thought to be never ending Soviet army was not limitless anymore. 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